2014考研英语：阅读理解模拟题及答案解析（七）
In the early days of sea travel， seamen on long voyages lived exclusively on salted meat and biscuits． Many of them died of scurvy， a disease of the blood which causes swollen gums， livid white spots on the flesh and general exhaustion． On one occasion， in 1535， an English ship arrived in Newfound－land with its crew desperately ill． The men’s lives were saved by Iroquois Indians who gave them vegetable leaves to eat． Gradually it came to be realized that scurvy was caused by some lack in the sailors’ diet and Captain Cook， on his long voyages of discovery to Australia and New Zealand， established the fact that scurvy could be warded off by the provision of fresh fruit for the sailors．
Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may yet result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing． These elements are called “vitamins”． Quite a number of such substances are known and they are given letters to identify them， A，B，C，D， and so on． Different diseases are associated with deficiencies of particular vitamins． Even a slight lack of Vitamin C， for example， the vitamin most plentiful in fresh fruit and vegetable， is thought to increase significantly our susceptibility to colds and influenza．
The vitamins necessary for a healthy body are normally supplied by a good mixed diet， including a variety of fruit and green vegetables． It is only when people try to live on a very restricted diet， say during extended periods of religious fasting， or when trying to lose weight， that it is necessary to make special provision to supply the missing vitamins．
Another example of the dangers of a restricted diet may suffer from ‘beriberi’， which used to afflict large numbers of Eastern peoples who lived mainly on rice． In the early years of this century， a Dutch scientist called Eijkman was trying to discover the cause of beriberi． At first he thought it was transmitted by a germ． He was working in a Japanese hospital， where the patients were fed on rice which had had the outer husk removed from the grain． It was thought this would be easier for weak， sick people to digest．
Eijkman thought his germ theory was confirmed when he noticed the chickens in the hospital yard， which were fed on scraps from the patients’ plates， were also showing signs of the disease． He then tried to isolate the germ he thought was causing the disease， but his experiments were interrupted by a hospital official， who decreed that the huskless polished rice， even though left over by the patients， was too good for chickens． It should be recooked and the chickens fed on cheap， coarse rice with the outer covering still on the grain．
Eijkman noticed that the chickens began to recover on the new diet． He began to consider the possibility that a lack of some ingredient in the husk might be the cause of the disease． Indeed this was the case． The element needed to prevent beriberi was shortly afterwards isolated from rice husks and is now known as vitamin B． The milled rice， though more expansive， was in fact perpetuating the disease the hospital was trying to cure． Nowadays， this terrible disease is much less common thanks to our knowledge of vitamins．（553 words）
36． From the passage， what can we learn about Captain Cook?
A． He provided clothes for his sailors to avoid scurvy．
B． He provided money for his sailors to avoid scurvy．
C． He provided fresh fruit for his sailors to avoid scurvy．
D． He provided blood for his sailors to avoid scurvy．
37． The word ‘beriberi’ （in paragraph 3） probably means _______．
A． a germ B． a natural phenomenon C． an epidemic D． a disease
38． In the last paragraph， what does sentence “Indeed this was the case” mean?
A． Really B． True C． False D． Eijkman’s considering was proved correct．
39． Vitamin B can be got in—
A． rice B． rice husks C． noodle D． grain
40． From the context， what do you think “perpetuating” means?
A． dead B． happy C． keep fresh D． keep alive
Text 8
36． C． Captain Cook在长途航行中由于为水手们提供了新鲜的水果以防止坏血病（scurvy）。这是一道关于细节的问题，答案在第一段的最后一句，Captain Cook， on his long voyages of discovery to Australia and New Zealand， established the fact that scurvy could be warded off by the provision of fresh fruit for the sailors．
37． D．一种疾病（脚气病）。其它选项A． a germ 一种细菌，B． a natural phenomenon一种自然现象，C． an epidemic一种流行病，都不合题意。
38． D． Eijkman的想法被证明是正确的。这是一道关于细节的问题，Eijkman的研究与Vitamin B的发现有关必然的联系。Eijkman通过观察认为米的外壳中存在着某种成分，这种成分的缺乏可能是导致疾病的原因。最后一段证明了他的看法是正确的：Indeed this was the case． The element needed to prevent beriberi was shortly afterwards isolated from rice husks and is now known as vitamin B．
39． B．维生素B可以从米糠中获取。这是关于某个细节的问题。在第3题的基础上可以轻易地找到答案。
40． D．保存活力。这是关于词义的问题。从第四段开始举的例子中可以了解到脱壳的米由于缺乏米糠中的维生素B而导致了疾病并使疾病保存活力，所以医院的种种努力均告失败。
Research on friendship has established a number of facts， some interesting， some even useful． Did you know that the average student has 5－6 friends， or that a friend who was previously an enemy is like more than one who has always been on the right side? Would you believe that physically attractive individuals are preferred as friends to those less comely， and is it fair that physically attractive defendants are less likely to be found guilty in court? Unfortunately， such titbits don’t tell us much more about the nature or the purpose of friendship． In fact， studies of friendship seem to implicate more complex factors．
For example， one function friendship seems to fulfi1 is that it supports the image we have of ourselves， and confirms the value of the attitudes we hold． Certainly we appear to project ourselves onto our friends； severa1 studies have shown that we judge them to be more like us than they （objectively） are． This suggests that we ought to choose friends who are similar to us rather than those Who would be complementary． In our experiment， some developing friendships were monitored amongst first－year students living in the same hoste1． It was found that similarity of attitudes （towards politics， religion and ethics， pastimes and aesthetics） was a good predictor of what friendships wou1d be estab1ished by the end of four months， though it has 1ess to do with initial alliances－not surprising1y， since attitudes may not be obvious on first inspection．
There have also been studies of pairings， both voluntary （married couples） and forced （student roommates）， to see which remained together and which split up． Again， the evidence seems to favour similarity rather than complementarity as an omen of a successful relationship， though there is a complication： where marriage is concerned， once the field has been narrowed down to potential mates who come from similar backgrounds and share a broad range of attitudes and values， a degree of complementarity seems to become desirab1e． When a couple are not just similar but almost identical， something else seems to be needed． Simi1arity can breed contempt， it has a1so been found that when we find others obnoxious， we dislike them more if they are like us than when they are dissimilar！
The difficulty of linking friendship with similarity of persona1ity probably reflects the complexity of our personalities： we have many facets and therefore require a disparate group of friends to support us． This of course can explain why we may have two close friends who have litt1e in common， and indeed dislike each other． By and large， though， it looks as though we would do well to choose friends （and spouses） who resemble us． If this were not so， computer dating agencies would have gone out of business years ago．（463 words）
41． Research on friendship has demonstrated that
A． every student has five or six friends．
B． judges are always influenced by a pretty face．
C． ugly people find it harder to make friends than beautiful people．
D． we tend to grow fond of people if we dislike them at first sight．
42． Studies of friendship have indicated that in seeking friends we
A． are looking for sympathy．
B． insist on them having similar attitudes to ourselves．
C． think they resemble us more than they really do．
D． want to be flattered．
43． The experiment conducted on students living in a hostel suggested that
A． in the long run， people get on better with those who are like them．
B． it was impossible to predict which friendships would develop．
C． students immediately recognized others with similar attitudes and interests．
D． students split up as soon as they discovered differences in attitudes．
44． Studies of marriage relationships indicate that
A． exactly the same bases for success apply as for ordinary friendships．
B． it is first of all necessary to limit prospective partners to people from similar backgrounds．
C． opposites get on better than similar personalities．
D． the most successful are those between people who are alike but not exactly the same．
45． Which of the following best illustrates the major view of the passage?
A． Birds of a feather flock together．
B． Opposites attract each other．
C． Great minds think alike．
D． A friend in need is a friend indeed．
Text 9
41． C．外貌难看的人发现自己很难像外貌漂亮的人那样与他人交友。见第一段中第三句所述：physically attractive individuals are preferred as friends to those less comely，外貌好的人比之不好的人易受人青睐。
42． C．我们往往会过分地认为他们和我们相象。第二段指出，人们似乎喜欢把自己设想成处于其朋友们的境况，因而过分地认为他们和自己相象。
43． A．从长远的观点看，人们与自己习性相象的人相处较好。第二段最后一句指出，观察表明，四个月之后，学生间的友谊关系才能确立，而且具有相同的经历兴趣和观点的人之间更能建立友谊。
44． D．第三段中表明，在婚姻方面，人们倾向于双方有着近似的经历观点等，但却并不完全相同。
45． A．物以类聚，人以群分。根据全文的阐述，其中心思想是：具有较为相同的经历、兴趣和观点的人之间往往容易建立友谊。
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