教育硕士英语复习资料
一、句子翻译
Unit 6
1.He would have felt awkward except that she knew completely how to take care of herself.若非她能够很好的照顾自己，他就会感到很尴尬。
2.It was more in memory of his own loneliness than anticipation of hers.与其说他预料到了她的孤独，倒不如说他想到了自己的孤独。
3.It occurred to her,too,that she was unable to swim,should the boat turn over.她还想到，如果船翻了，她不会游泳。
4. Were it not for the feather lost in departure, no one would have known that the white bird had ever been.如果不是这只鸟儿在离开的时候掉下的这根羽毛，没有人知道这只白色的鸟儿曾经存在过。
Unit 1 第5段
Defining the problem is easier than providing the solution. 界定问题比寻找解决问题的办法要简单。
One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English-speaking country, which amounts to washing one's hands of them.Few students have the time or the money to do that.有人可能建议学生应该去说英语的国家呆上两三年，这个建议等于对学生不再负责。没有几个学生有时间或者有钱去那么做。
It is often said that wide reading is the time or the money to do that.It is often said that wide reading is the best alternative course of action but even here it is necessary to make some kind of selection.It is no use telling students to go to the library and pick up the first book they come across.还有人经常说大量阅读是可供选择的最好方案，但有必要去选择要读的东西。告诉学生去图书馆读任何一本他们可以找到的书是没用的。
My own advice to them would be:"read what you can understand without having to look up words in a dictionary (but not what you can understand at a glance);read what interests you; read what you have time for (magazines and newspapers rather than novels unless you can read the whole novel in a week or so); read the English written today,not 200 years ago; read as much as you can and try to remember the way it was written rather than individual words that puzzled you."And instead of "read", I could just as well say "listen to."我的建议会是：“读你不用查字典就能读懂的（但不要读那些一眼就能看懂的）；读你感兴趣的；读你有时间读的（比如杂志和报纸，而不是长篇小说，除非这本小说你能够在一周内读完）；读当代英语而不是两百年前的英语；尽可能多读，尽量记住写作的方式而不是个别困惑你的单词。你不妨把我关于读的建议也应用于听力。
Unit 7
1.she must have dashed out the instant I grabbed the phone. Even her coat and scarf were still there. 她一定是在我抓过电话的一瞬间就冲了出去，甚至她的外套和围巾还在那儿。
2.The pain of not knowing what to do was exceeded only by that of knowing what I had done.我很痛苦，因为不知道下一步该干什么，但当我意识到我做了什么时，我更痛苦。
3. Love means not ever having to say you're sorry.爱就意味着永远不要说对不起。
Unit 8
While ALS has made Hawking a virtual prisoner in his own body,it has left his courage and humor intact,his intellect free to roam.尽管ALS这种病使霍金成了自己身体的囚徒，但是并没有对他的勇气和幽默造成任何的伤害，他的智力仍然能自由的遨游。
And roam it does,from the infinitesimal to the infinite,from the subatomic realm to the far reaches of the universe.In the course of these mental expeditions,Hawking has conceived startling new theories about black holes and the disorderly events that immediately followed the Big Bang from which the universe sprang.
二、完形填空
Unit 1 第1—2段
It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood. Students are naturally surprised and disappointed to discover that a process which ought to become simpler does not appear to do so.
It may not seem much consolation to point out that the teacher, too, becomes frustrated when his efforts appear to produce less obvious results. He finds that students who were easy to teach, because they succeeded in putting everything they had been taught into practice, hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic textbooks. He sees them struggling because the language they thought they knew now appears to consist of a bewildering variety of idioms, cliches and accepted phrases with different meanings in different contexts. It is hard to convince them that they are still making progress towards fluency and that their English is certain to improve, given time and dedication.
A kind of Sermon
(1) It is probably(也许，可能) easier for teachers than for students to appreciate（理解，明白） the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly（越来越） difficult once the basic structures （结构）and patterns（模式） of the language have been understood .Students are naturally（自然） surprised （吃惊）and disappointed （失望）to discover（发现） that a process（过程） which ought to become simpler（简单） does not appear to（似乎seem） do so.
(一旦明白了英语的基本结构和句型，再往下学似乎越来越难，这其中的原因，也许老师们比学生们更容易。当学生们发现一个本该变得简单的过程而似乎并未变得简单时，他们自然会吃惊和失望。)
(2) It may not seem much consolation （安慰）to point out（指出） that .the teacher, too, becomes frustrated （沮丧的，失望的）when his efforts （努力）appear to（seem似乎） product（产生） less obvious（明显的） results（结果）.（即使向学生指出，老师在其努力所产生的效果不及原来明显时也会变得失望灰心，似乎也不能给他们产生多大的安慰） He finds that students who were easy to teach, because they succeeded in putting everything they had been taught into practice(实践), hesitate （犹豫不决，止步不前）when confronted with（面对） the vast（广大的） untouched（没接触过的） area（领域） of English vocabulary（词汇） and usage（语法） which falls outside the scope of （---范围之外）basic（基本） textbooks（课本）.(学生们最初容易教，因为他们成功地把教给的所有东西应用于实践；现在教师却发现当学生面对大量未接触过的英语词汇和惯用法而踌躇起来，因为这些词汇和惯用法都是在基础教科书所没有涉及的内容。)He sees them struggling（挣扎） because the language they thought they knew now appears to consist of（由---构成） bewildering（令人困惑的） variety （品种,各种）of idioms（成语，习语）, cliches（陈旧用语） and accepted phrases （固定词组）with different meanings in different context（上下文）.（他看到他们在挣扎，因为他们本以为已经熟悉的语言现在看起来竟是由种种令人困惑不解、在不同的上下文有不同的意义的习语、陈旧用语和成语组成的。）It is hard to convince（使--相信） them that they are still making progress towards (往，朝向)fluency（流畅） and that their English is certain（确定） to improve（改善，提高）, given time and dedication（很难让他们相信，他们仍在朝着流利的目标前进，而且只要花上时间和精力，他们的英语一定会有所提高。）
（3）In such circumstances(情形下) it is hardly surprising that some give up in disgust（厌恶） ,（在这样的情形下，一些学生厌恶地放弃了学习并不令人吃惊/并不出乎意料。）while （表转折，意为“而”）others still wait hopefully for the teacher to give them the same confident（确信，自信） guidance（教导） he was able to offer（给予） them at first.（而另外一些学生仍然满怀希望等待老师像最初那样给他们充满自信的指导） 。The teacher, for his part（就。。。而言）, frequently （常常地）reduced to （不得不做。。。）trying to explain（解释） the inexplicable（莫名其妙的，无法解释的）, may take refuge in （避难，逃避）quoting（引述） proverbs（谚语） to his colleagues（同事） such as “You can lead a horse to water but you can't make him drink, " or, more respectfully（恭敬地） if less grammatically（语法上）: "It ain't what you say. It's the way you that you say it." (就老师来说，由于常常被迫设法去解释一些无法解释的东西，他们可能对同事们引用一些谚语来聊以自慰，如：“引马到河边容易，逼马饮水难/马儿不吃草，莫要强按头”，或者引用一句不太符合语法却尊重学生的话：”“重要的不在于你说什么，而在于你怎么说”。)His students might feel inclined to （倾向于做某事）counter（回应，反对） these with: “The more I learn ,the less I know."（对于这些话，学生们也许很想反驳说：“我学的越多，懂的越少。”）
（4）Of course this is not true.（当然，这话并不正确。） What both students and teachers are experiencing（体验，经历） is the recognition（认识，识别） that the more complex （复杂）structures （结构）one encounters （遇到）in a language are not as vital to （对。。。来说重要的）making oneself understood and so have a less immediate（直接） field（领域，范围） of application（应用）.(因为不论老师还是学生正经历着这样的认识过程，即我们在某种语言中遇到的更复杂的结构对于表达自己的意思不是那么不可或缺，因此他们的应用范围不是那么直接。) For the same reason, from the teachers point the view（观点，看法）, selecting （选择）what should be taught becomes a more difficult task（任务）. （由于同样的原因，以老师们的观点来看，选择适当的教材变成了一项更加困难的任务。）It is much easier to get food of any kind than to choose the dish （菜）you would most like to eat on a given day（特定的日子） from a vast （丰富）menu（菜单）.（比起在某个特定的日子从一份丰盛的菜单中选择你最喜欢吃的一道菜来，随便准备点吃的东西要更容易。）
(5)Defining（界定） the problem is easier than providing（提供） the solution（办法）.（界定问题比提供解决办法容易。/把问题讲清楚容易，而要提出解决办法可就难了。） One can suggest（建议） that students should spend two or three years in an English speaking country, which amounts to (等于)washing one's hands of（与…无关）them. （有人建议学生们应该在说英语的国家住两三年，这等于把学生们甩掉，不再管他们。）Few students have the time or the money to do that.（有时间或者有钱出国的学生为数并不多） It is often said that wide（广泛） reading is the best alternative （选择）course of （当然的）action（行动，途径）. （人们常说，大量阅读是可供选择的最佳方案。）but even here it is necessary（必要的） to make some kind of selection（选择）. （但是即使这样，进行某种选择也是必要的）It is no use telling students to go to the library and pick up the first book they come cross（偶然遇到）. （只告诉学生到图书馆拿到他们见到的第一本书来阅读是没有用处的）My own advice to them would be: “read what you can understand without having to look up words in a dictionary (but not what you can understand at a glance); " read what interests you ; read what you have time for(magazines and newspapers rather than novels unless you can read the whole novel in a week or so); read the English written today, not 200 years ago; read as much as you can and try to remember the way （方式）it was written rather than individual （个别）words that puzzled（让人费解的） you." （我对学生的建议是：“读不需要查字典就能看懂的东西（但并非一看就懂）；读你感兴趣的东西；读你有时间读的东西（杂志、报纸而不是长篇小说，除非你在一个星期左右的时间读完整本小说）；读当代写的英文，而不是读200年以前写的英文；尽你所能多读并且尽量记住各种表达方式，而不是那些让你费解的个别单词”）And instead of "read", I could just as well say "listen to ."（而上述建议除了用于“阅读”，我也可以说用于“听”。）
(6)My advice to teachers would be similar(类似) in a way.（某种意义上）（我对老师的建议有几分类似。） I would say"It's no good thinking that anything will do（其作用）, or that all language is useful. It's no good relying on（依靠） student to express （表达）themselves without the right tools（工具） for expression.（表达）（我要说：“认为什么教材都行或者任何语言都有用是没有好处的。不交给学生正确表达的方式而依靠学生自己表达他们的思想是没有好处的。”） It's still your duty（义务） to choose the best path to following near the top of the mountain just as it was to propose （建议）a practicable （可行）short-cut away （捷径）from the beaten track（熟路） in the foothills. （山麓）（在接近山顶时选择最佳的路径仍然是老师的责任，就像在山麓丘陵处为他们建议一条离开众人踏平的山路而又走得通的捷径曾是你的责任一样。）And if the path you choose is too overgrown（草木丛生） to make further（更远的） progress（发展）,the whole party （所有的人）will have to go back and you will have to choose another route（线路）. (如果你选择的道路过于杂草丛生而难以继续延伸，所有的人不得不返回而你不得不选择另外的路线。)You are still the paid（支付、雇佣） guide（向导） and expert （专家）and there is a way to the top somewhere. "（你仍然是花钱雇来的向导和专家，而在某个地方总有一条通向山顶的路。）
P36 Letter from Home
PASSAGE 1
Now is the edgy time for Yale Seniors. In three weeks they will graduate and join the rest of us out here in the real world. It is a place that they are intensely afraid of.
眼下正是耶鲁大学四年级学生紧张不安的时期。再有三个星期他们就要毕业，投身于外面的现实世界，加入到我们的行列之中。这是一个他们非常害怕的地方。
Not all of them, of course, will take the icy plunge. Quite a few will stay on the academic assembly line——in law school or medical school or graduate school to study for three or four years more.
当然并非所有的人都将投入到这个冰冷的现实世界中来。相当多的人将留在学业装配线上——在法学院、医学院或研究生院——再学习三至四年。
This doesn't mean that they necessarily want to be lawyers or doctors or scholars. Some are continuing their education because their parents want them to. Some are doing it just to postpone the day of decision. Some are doing it because lawyers and doctors make a good living. Some are doing it to acquire still another degree to impress a society in which they think credentials are the only currency. Some the lucky ones really do want to be lawyers, doctors, scholars or specialists in a field that requires further skill. 这并不意味着他们一定想成为律师、医生或者学者。有些人继续他们的学业是因为他们的父母要他们这样做。有些人这样做只是为了推迟做决定的日期。有些人这样做是因为律师和医生可以过上优裕的生活。而有些人这样做只是为了再获得一个学位，好让这个他们认为只认证书的社会刮目相看。还有些人——那些幸运者——的确想成为律师、医生、学者或需要更深造诣的某一领域的专家。
But they all are driven-those who are leaving Academic and those who are staying-by one message: Do Not Fail. It is a message that has been echoing in their heads since they were admitted to the nursery school of their choice, beating less competitive toddlers score high, test well, play it safe. Next month's graduates have been so obsessively bent for four years on measurable achievement (grades) and a secure future (jobs) that they have hardly had time to savor the present and to grow as well-rounded people. They know that the outside world is wary of experimenters, of late starters and temporary losers. 但是，他们——无论是将要离开学术界的还是将要留下来的——都受着同一信息的驱使：不能失败。从他们击败竞争力较弱、蹒跚学步的儿童，进入精选的幼儿园起，这则信息就一直回响在他们的脑海中。得高分，考得好，稳扎稳打。下个月即将毕业的学生四年来一直沉迷于追求可以计量的成就（分数）和一个稳固的前途（工作），以至于几乎没有时间来品味眼前的生活，成为一个兴趣广泛的人。他们知道外面的世界对喜欢以实验进行探索的人、起步晚的人和暂时的失败者是持提防态度的。
I'm talking about Yale students because I live in their midst and know them well (I am Master of Branford College, one of Yale's twelve residential colleges. In our house I can lie awake and listen to some of the loudest stereo sets in the East. That in fact, is why I lie awake). And I'm talking about seniors because they are the ones who are most on my mind right now: panicky that they won't have enough A's to persuade an employer to hire them, though they are men and women. I'd like to have them working for me, if I were an employer, for qualities of intelligence and humor and humanity that don't show up on any chart. 我之所以谈论耶鲁的学生是因为我生活在他们中间，很了解他们。（我是耶鲁十二所寄宿制学院之一的布兰福德学院的院长。我可以醒着躺在家中，听着从东区传来的一些银两最大的立体声收音机中的音乐。事实上，这正是我醒着躺在那儿的原因。）我之所以谈论四年级学生，是因为他们正是眼下最让我牵肠挂肚的人：他们担心没有足够的A来说服雇主雇佣他们，虽然我倒十分愿意让他们为我工作，如果我是雇主的话，因为他们具有无法在任何表格上显现出来的品质：聪颖、幽默、善良。
But I could just as well be talking about Yale's juniors, sophomore and freshmen or, I suspect about the students at most colleges today. They are studying more and enjoying it less. At Yale, they play in fewer plays and musical groups, join fewer campus organizations, take part in fewer sports, carve out fewer moments just to linger and talk and put a margin around their lives. They are under pressure to do too much work in too little time. 但我所谈论的也可以是耶鲁的三年级、二年级和一年级学生——或者说，是当今大多数大学中的学生。他们学得比过去多，得到的乐趣却比过去少。在耶鲁，他们排演戏剧和音乐节目的时间少了，参加校园团体和体育运动的机会少了，连抽点时间散散步、聊聊天也很难得，几乎无法给自己的生活稍留空隙。他们被迫在极少的时间里做极多的事情。
If all their friends are studying in the library until it closes at midnight (and they are), they feel guilty if they want to go to a Woody Allen movie, though there is as much to be learned from a Woody Allen movie as from a book much, in fact, that they will never learn from a book. Not surprisingly, their emotional health is often far from healthy. I see a lot of psychic disarray. 如果他们的朋友都在图书馆里学习到午夜图书馆关门之时（他们的确如此），他们若想去看一场伍迪·艾伦的电影便会感到内疚，虽然从伍迪·艾伦的电影中能学到和书本上一样多的东西——事实上，从中能学到许多永远无法从书本上学到的东西。不足为怪的是，他们的心理经常很不健康。我就见过许多精神错乱的学生。
It is not that I don't wish them fame and fortune, especially the seniors as they march toward graduation, more stuffed with learning and short of money they probably ever will be again. Obviously I do but I also wish them a release from fear of the future.They should know that fame and fortune are not end product so that they will automatically win if they follow a straight and safe route, but by products that will come to them if they dare to poke down the unmarked side roads that lead to life's richest surprises.
并非我不希望他们名利双收，尤其是那些正迈着蹒跚的步子走向毕业关口的四年级学生，我更同情；他们满腹经纶却又囊中羞涩，而以后他们也许再也不会像现在这样了。显然我希望他们名利双收。但我也希望从对未来的恐惧中解脱出来。他们应该懂得，名和利并非走一条笔直的坦途就必然会赢得的囊中之物，而是用于沿着没有路标的小路探索丰富多彩的人生奇景时的意外收获。
Home is where the words “do not fail” are first instilled and constantly repeated. One of next month's Yale gradates came to me on her first day as a freshman in 1973 and said: “I want to be a great journalist-what courses should I take for the next four years?” She wanted a blueprint at seventeen. Many students come to me in the middle of their sophomore year, afraid of changing the curriculum that they mapped but no longer think is the one that they want to pursue. “If I don't make all the right choices now,” one of them said, “it will be too late”. 家庭是首先灌输并不断重复“不能失败”这句话的地方。下个月即将毕业的一个耶鲁学生曾在1973年进大学的第一天跑来对我说：“我想成为一名大记者——在以后的四年里，我该修些什么课程？”她17岁就要衣服蓝图。许多学生在二年级的中间来找我，为更改早已计划好但现在不再想修的课程二担忧。“如果我现在不做出所有正确的选择，”其中一个说，“那就太晚了。”
Is it too late at eighteen? Sad words. they are growing up old and set in their ways. They have been told to prepare for one career and to stick to it and succeed. They are not told that they have a right to try many paths, to stumble and try something else, and to learn by stumbling. The right to fail is one of the few freedoms not granted in our bill of rights. Today it is more acceptable to change marriage partners than to change career. 18岁就太晚了？真是令人伤心的话。他们的行为方式正变得陈旧呆板。一直有人告诉他们要为某一种职业做准备，要坚持不懈直至成功。没有人告诉他们，他们有权尝试多种道路，跌倒后再试试别的途径，在跌跌撞撞中学习。失败的权利是我们的《人权法案》没有授予我们的少数几项自由之一。如今，更换配偶比更换职业更易被人接受。
“Victory has very narrow meanings and can become a destructive force,” writers Bill Bradley in his book, “Life on the Run” Bradley was an Ivy Leaguer himself and a Rhodes Scholar-and earlier member of the same elite that is now so preoccupied with success-before starting his ten-year career of professional basketball, which has just come to an end. “The taste of defeat,” he writes, “has a richness of experience all its own. To me, every day is a struggle to stay in touch with life's subtleties. No one grows without failing.” “胜利具有十分狭隘的意义，它能成为一种破坏力，”比尔·布雷德利在她的《奔忙的人生》一书中写道。布雷德利本人在其刚刚结束的十年职业篮球生涯之前是常春藤联合会名牌大学的学生，罗兹奖学金获得者——如今正忙于追求成功的精英族的早期一员。“失败的滋味”，他写道，“其本身就蕴含着十分丰富的体验。对我而言，每天都是一场为一刻不脱离生活奥妙而进行的斗争。没有人在成长的过程中不经历失败。”
The fault is not with our children, but with the narrowness of the flowerbed in which we expect them to germinate. We are stunting their grow if we tell them that there is only one “right” way to get through their education or to get through life. America has always been nourished by men and women that are not afraid to go against the grain. 过错不再我们的孩子，而在我们期待他们在其中发芽成长的花坛过于狭小。如果我们告诉他们完成教育或多国人生的“正确”道路只有一条，那我们就是在阻碍他们的生长。美国的繁荣始终得益于那些不怕离经叛道的男女志士。
Exercise A
答案：A\D\C\B\D\B\C\D
P56 Born to Win
Exercise A
答案：C\C\D\A\C\D\D\C\D\A\D\B\A\C
Unit 8 译文
A victim of an incurable disease, Stephen Hawking is almost completely paralyzed, confined to a wheelchair, and unable to speak. Yet, he has overcome every obstacle and achieved far more than most able-bodied people ever dream of accomplishing and become one of the greatest physicists of our time.
Roaming the Cosmos
遨游宇宙
by Leon Jaroff
by Leon Jaroff
Darkness has fallen on Cambridge, England, and on a damp and chilly evening king's Parade is filled with students and faculty. Then, down the crowded thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridge's most distinctive vehicle, bearing its most distinguished citizen. In the motorized wheelchair, boyish face dimly illuminated by a glowing computer screen attached to the left armrest, is Stephen William Hawking, 46, one of the world's greatest theoretical physicists. As he skillfully maneuvers through the crowd, motorists slow down, some honking their horns in greeting. People wave and shout hello.
夜幕降临，暮色笼罩着英格兰剑桥市。在一个潮湿、寒冷的夜晚，“国王阅兵场”上到处是剑桥大学的师生。这时，沿着拥挤的大道驶来了校园内最有特色的一部车子，上面载着该校最著名的公民。在这辆机动轮椅上坐着的是世界上最伟大的理论物理学家之一，四十六岁的斯蒂芬威廉霍金。固定在轮椅左边靠手上的一只发光的计算机屏幕隐隐约约地照出了他那张孩子似的脸庞。当他熟练地驾着轮椅驶过人群时，开汽车的人都放慢车速，有的还揿揿喇叭向他致意。人们挥着手，大声跟他打招呼。
A huge smile lights up Hawking's bespectacled face, but he cannot wave or shout back. Since his early 20s, he has suffered from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive deterioration of the central nervous system that usually causes death within three or four years. Hawking's illness has advanced more slowly, and now seems almost to have stabilized. Still, it has robbed him of virtually all movement. He has no control over most of his muscles, cannot dress or eat by himself and has lost his voice. Now he "speaks" only by using the slight voluntary movement left in his hands and fingers to operate his wheelchair's built-in computer and voice synthesizer.
A huge smile lights up Hawking's bespectacled face, but he cannot wave or shout back. Since his early 20s, he has suffered from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive deterioration of the central nervous system that usually causes death within three or four years. Hawking's illness has advanced more slowly, and now seems almost to have stabilized. Still, it has robbed him of virtually all movement. He has no control over most of his muscles, cannot dress or eat by himself and has lost his voice. Now he "speaks" only by using the slight voluntary movement left in his hands and fingers to operate his wheelchair's built-in computer and voice synthesizer.
戴着眼镜的霍金满面闪露出笑容， 但他既不能挥手，也不能回喊作答。他刚二十岁出头时就患了肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症。这是一种使中枢神经系统日益退化的疾病，患者一般在三四年内就会死亡。霍金的病情发展较慢，目前看来几乎已经稳定。然而，这病仍使他失去了几乎所有的活动能力。他已经不能控制大部分肌肉，不能自己穿衣进食，不能开口说话。现在他只能依靠手和手指还剩下的一点随意运动的能力操纵装在轮椅上的计算机和声音合成器来“说话”了。
While ALS has made Hawking a virtual prisoner in his own body, it has left his courage and humor intact, his intellect free to roam. And roam it does, from the infinitesimal to the infinite, from the subatomic realm to the far reaches of the universe. In the course of these mental expeditions, Hawking has conceived startling new theories about black holes and the disorderly events that immediately followed the Big Bang from which the universe sprang. More recently, he has shaken both physicists and theologians by suggesting that the universe has no boundaries, was not created and will not be destroyed.
While ALS has made Hawking a virtual prisoner in his own body, it has left his courage and humor intact, his intellect free to roam. And roam it does, from the infinitesimal to the infinite, from the subatomic realm to the far reaches of the universe. In the course of these mental expeditions, Hawking has conceived startling new theories about black holes and the disorderly events that immediately followed the Big Bang from which the universe sprang. More recently, he has shaken both physicists and theologians by suggesting that the universe has no boundaries, was not created and will not be destroyed.
虽然ALS病症是霍金成了一个行动不便的残疾人，但他的勇气和幽默仍完整无损。他的智力仍在自由地漫游。他的智力也的确是在漫游，从无穷小漫游到无穷大，从亚原子王国漫游到宇宙的遥远区域。在这些智力探索的过程中，霍金已构想出一些有关黑洞以及紧接着形成宇宙的“大爆炸”而产生的种种纷乱活动的惊人的新理论。最近，他又提出了宇宙没有边际、它既不是创造出来的，将来也不会毁灭的看法，从而使物理学家和神学家们都大为震惊。
Most of Stephen Hawking's innovative thinking occurs at Cambridge, where he is Lucasian Professor of mathematics, a seat once occupied by Isaac Newton. There, in the Department of Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, he benevolently reigns over the relativity group, 15 overachieving graduate students from nine countries. On his office door is a small plaque irreverently reading QUIET, PLEASE. THE BOSS IS ASLEEP.
Most of Stephen Hawking's innovative thinking occurs at Cambridge, where he is Lucasian Professor of mathematics, a seat once occupied by Isaac Newton. There, in the Department of Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, he benevolently reigns over the relativity group, 15 overachieving graduate students from nine countries. On his office door is a small plaque irreverently reading QUIET, PLEASE. THE BOSS IS ASLEEP.
斯蒂芬霍金的大部分创见是在剑桥大学形成的。他现在是该校的卢卡斯数学教授，这是艾萨克牛顿曾经担任过的一个教职。在剑桥大学的数学和理论物理系，他仁慈地统治着相对论小组，组里有九个国家的十五名出类拔萃的研究生。他的办公室门上有一块小饰板，上面大不敬地写着：请安静，老板在睡觉。
Hardly. From midmorning until he departs for dinner around 7 p. m., Hawking follows a routine that would tax the most able-bodied, working in his book-lined office, amid photographs of his wife Jane and their three children. When he rolled into the department's common room one morning last month, his students were talking shop around low tables. Maneuvering to one of the tables, Hawking clicked his control switch, evoking tiny beeps from his computer and selecting words from lists displayed on his screen. These words, assembled in sequence at the bottom of the screen, finally issued from the voice synthesizer: "Good morning. Can I have coffee?" Then, for the benefit of a visitor: "I am sorry about my American accent." (The synthesizer is produced by a California company.)
没那回事儿。从上午九点到下午七点左右回家吃饭，霍金一直都在四壁排满书、面前摆着夫人简和三个孩子照片的办公室里工作，每日的工作量之大足以使身体最强壮的人也感到劳累不堪。上个月的某天上午，当他坐着轮椅来到系的公共休息室时，他的研究生正围着矮桌子在三句不离本行地交谈着。霍金熟练地操纵着轮椅来到一张桌子旁边，卡嗒一声按了按控制开关，计算机便发出轻微的嘟嘟声。他从显示在屏幕上的词表中选出了几个单词，这些单词在屏幕下方按顺序排列好以后，终于从声音合成器中放了出来：“早上好。我可以来杯咖啡吗？”接着，为了在座的一位来访者，他又特意加了一句：“对不起，我的发音带有美国腔。”（他用的声音合成器是美国加州的一家公司制造的。）
When the conversation shifted to creativity and how mathematicians seem to reach a creative peak in their early 20s, Hawking's computer beeped. "I'm over the hill," he said, to a chorus of laughter.
When the conversation shifted to creativity and how mathematicians seem to reach a creative peak in their early 20s, Hawking's computer beeped. "I'm over the hill," he said, to a chorus of laughter.
当话题转到创造力以及数学家似乎在二十几岁就达到一个创造力的高峰时，霍金的计算机发出了嘟嘟声。他说：“我已经在走下坡路了。”一句话引得众人哈哈大笑。
Hawking was born on Jan. 8, 1942-300 years to the day, he often notes, after the death of Galileo. 。。。这一天——他常常提到——正好是伽利略逝世三百周年纪念日。As a small boy, he was slow to learn to read but liked to take things apart though he confesses that he was never very good at putting things back together. 不过他承认自己从不善于把拆开的东西再照原样装好。When he was twelve, he recalls humorously, "one of my friends bet another friend a bag of sweets that I would never come to anything. 他幽默地回忆说，我十二岁的时候，我的一个朋友以一袋糖果跟另一个朋友打赌，说我永远不会有什么作为。I don't know if this bet was ever settled and, if so, who won. 我不知道这次打赌是不是已经了解，如果已经了结，也不知道是谁打赢了。
Fascinated by physics, Stephen concentrated in the subject at Oxford's University College, but did not distinguish himself.斯蒂芬酷爱物理，曾在牛津大学的大学学院专攻这一学科，但成绩并不突出。 He partied, took a great interest in rowing and studied only an hour or so a day. Moving on to Cambridge for graduate work in relativity, he found the going rough,进入剑桥大学做研究生攻读相对论时，他发觉学习很吃力 partly because of some puzzling physical problems; he stumbled frequently and seemed to be getting clumsy.造成这一情况的部分原因是他身体内出现的一些莫名其妙的症状：他常常绊倒，而且手脚也似乎越来越不灵活了。
Doctors soon gave him the bad news: he had ALS, it would only get worse, and there was no cure. Hawking was overwhelmed.霍金悲伤至极。 Before long, he needed a cane to walk, was drinking heavily and ignoring his studies. "There didn't seem to be much point in completing my Ph. D.," he says.在当时的情况下，完成博士学业似乎已没有多大意义了。
Then Hawking's luck turned. The progress of the disease slowed, and Einsteinian space-time suddenly seemed less formidable. 爱因斯坦的时空观也突然显得不那么令人生畏了。But what really made the difference, he says, "was that I got engaged to Jane," who was studying modern languages at Cambridge.但真正对他产生了重大影响的，他说，“是我与简订了婚。”当时她正在剑桥大学攻读现代语言。 "This gave me something to liver for." “这使我有了生活的目的。”As he explains, "if we were to get married, I had to get a job. And to get a job, I had to finish my Ph. D. I started, working hard for the first time in my life. To my surprise, I found I liked it."
What particularly interested Stephen was singularities, strange beasts predicted by general relativity. 使斯蒂芬特别感兴趣的是奇点，这是广义相对论所预言的一种怪物。Einstein's equations indicated that when a star several times larger than the sun exhausts its nuclear fuel and collapses, its matter crushes together at its center with such force that it forms a singularity, an infinitely dense point with no dimensions and irresistible gravity. 爱因斯坦的方程式表明，当一个比太阳大数倍的星体耗尽了自身的核燃料而塌陷时，它的物质便以雷霆万钧之力在其核心部位挤在一起，从而形成一个奇点，这一奇点没有维度，却具有无限的密度和不可抗拒的引力。A voluminous region surrounding the singularity becomes a "black hole," from which -- because of that immense gravity -- nothing, not even light, can escape.奇点周围的广大区域便形成了一个“黑洞”，而由于那巨大的引力，任何东西都无法逃离黑洞，即使光也不能。
Scientists years ago found compelling evidence that black holes exist, but they were uncomfortable with singularities, because all scientific laws break down at these points. 好多年以前，科学家们就发现了表明黑洞存在的有力证据，但对于奇点，他们都感到不安，因为在这些点上，所有的科学原理都失效了。Most physicists believed that in the real universe the object at the heart of a black hole would be small (but not dimensionless) and extremely dense (but not infinitely so). 大多数物理学家认为，在现实的宇宙中，黑洞中心的物体可能是微小的（但并非没有维度），其密度也会是极高的（但并非无限高）。Enter Hawking. 这时霍金上场了。While still a graduate student, he and Mathematician Roger Penrose developed new techniques proving mathematically that if general relativity is correct, singularities must exist. 还在当研究生的时候，他就和数学家罗杰彭罗斯一起设计出一些新的方法，从数学上证明：如果广义相对论是正确的，那么奇点就一定存在。Hawking went on to demonstrate - again if general relativity is correct - that the entire universe must have sprung from a singularity. As he wrote in his 1966 Ph. D. thesis, "There is a singularity in our past."霍金接着还证明：如果广义相对论是正确的，那么整个宇宙一定是从一个奇点中产生出来的。正如他在1966年的博士论文中所写的那样：在我们的过去有个奇点。
Stephen later discerned several new characteristics of black holes and demonstrated that the amazing forces of the Big Bang would have created mini-black holes, each with a mass about that of a terrestrial mountain, but no larger than the subatomic proton. 后来斯蒂芬有发现了黑洞的一些新的特点，并且证明：大爆炸的巨大力量可能造成了一些微小黑洞，每个微小黑洞的质量大约相当于地球上一座大山的质量，而体积不会大于亚原子质子。Then, applying the quantum theory (which accurately describes the random, uncertain subatomic world) instead of general relativity (which, it turns out, falters in that tiny realm), Hawking was startled to find that the mini-black holes must emit particles and radiation. 接着，霍金在应用量子论而不是广义相对论时——因为量子论精确地描述了那个不规则、不确定的亚原子世界，而广义相对论却在这个小小的领域中不起作用——惊奇地发现，那些微小的黑洞一定在放射粒子与辐射线。Even more remarkable, the little holes would gradually evaporate and, 10 billion years or so after their creation, explode with the energy or millions of H-bombs.更值得注意的是，那些微小的黑洞竟会逐渐蒸发，并在它们形成后一百亿年左右发生爆炸，释放出相当于几百万颗氢弹的能量。
Hawking has visited the U. S. 30 times, made seven trips to Moscow, taken a round-the-word journey, and piloted his wheelchair on the Great Wall of China驾着轮椅游览了中国长城. On the road, the activities occasionally deviate somewhat from physics. 在旅途中，他偶尔也参加一些与物理学并无多少关系的活动。One night Stephen accompanied a group to a Chicago discotheque, where he joined in the festivities by wheeling onto the dance floor and spinning his chair in circles.一天晚上，他陪着一群人来到芝加哥的一家夜总会，在那儿他坐着轮椅进入舞池，驾着轮椅团团旋转，与大家一起欢乐。
Recently, Hawking, who has no qualms about recanting his own work if he decides he was wrong, may have transcended his famous proof that singularities exist. 一旦认定自己错了，霍金会毫不犹豫地放弃自己的成果。最近，他也许已经超越了自己关于奇点存在的著名论证。With Physicist James Hartle, he has derived a quantum wave describing a self-contained universe that, like the earth's surface, has no edge or boundary. 他与物理学家詹姆斯哈特尔合作，已经获得了一种描述独立宇宙的量子波，这一宇宙和地球表面一样，也是无边无际的。 If that is the case, says Hawking, Einstein's general theory of relativity would have to be modified, and there would be no singularities. 霍金说：如果情况果真如此，那么爱因斯坦的广义相对论就得修正，奇点也是子虚乌有的了。"The universe would not be created, not be destroyed; it would simply be," he concludes, adding challengingly, "What place, then, for a Creator?" 他推断说：“那样宇宙就不是创造出来的，也就不会被毁灭了；它只是一直存在着。”他又用挑衅的口吻补充了一句：“果真如此，哪里还有什么造物主呢？”
Hawking was born on Jan. 8, 1942-300 years to the day, he often notes, after the death of Galileo. 。。。这一天——他常常提到——正好是伽利略逝世三百周年纪念日。As a small boy, he was slow to learn to read but liked to take things apart though he confesses that he was never very good at putting things back together. 不过他承认自己从不善于把拆开的东西再照原样装好。When he was twelve, he recalls humorously, "one of my friends bet another friend a bag of sweets that I would never come to anything. 他幽默地回忆说，我十二岁的时候，我的一个朋友以一袋糖果跟另一个朋友打赌，说我永远不会有什么作为。I don't know if this bet was ever settled and, if so, who won. 我不知道这次打赌是不是已经了解，如果已经了结，也不知道是谁打赢了。
Fascinated by physics, Stephen concentrated in the subject at Oxford's University College, but did not distinguish himself.斯蒂芬酷爱物理，曾在牛津大学的大学学院专攻这一学科，但成绩并不突出。 He partied, took a great interest in rowing and studied only an hour or so a day. Moving on to Cambridge for graduate work in relativity, he found the going rough,进入剑桥大学做研究生攻读相对论时，他发觉学习很吃力 partly because of some puzzling physical problems; he stumbled frequently and seemed to be getting clumsy.造成这一情况的部分原因是他身体内出现的一些莫名其妙的症状：他常常绊倒，而且手脚也似乎越来越不灵活了。
Doctors soon gave him the bad news: he had ALS, it would only get worse, and there was no cure. Hawking was overwhelmed.霍金悲伤至极。 Before long, he needed a cane to walk, was drinking heavily and ignoring his studies. "There didn't seem to be much point in completing my Ph. D.," he says.在当时的情况下，完成博士学业似乎已没有多大意义了。
Then Hawking's luck turned. The progress of the disease slowed, and Einsteinian space-time suddenly seemed less formidable. 爱因斯坦的时空观也突然显得不那么令人生畏了。But what really made the difference, he says, "was that I got engaged to Jane," who was studying modern languages at Cambridge.但真正对他产生了重大影响的，他说，“是我与简订了婚。”当时她正在剑桥大学攻读现代语言。 "This gave me something to liver for." “这使我有了生活的目的。”As he explains, "if we were to get married, I had to get a job. And to get a job, I had to finish my Ph. D. I started, working hard for the first time in my life. To my surprise, I found I liked it."
What particularly interested Stephen was singularities, strange beasts predicted by general relativity. 使斯蒂芬特别感兴趣的是奇点，这是广义相对论所预言的一种怪物。Einstein's equations indicated that when a star several times larger than the sun exhausts its nuclear fuel and collapses, its matter crushes together at its center with such force that it forms a singularity, an infinitely dense point with no dimensions and irresistible gravity. 爱因斯坦的方程式表明，当一个比太阳大数倍的星体耗尽了自身的核燃料而塌陷时，它的物质便以雷霆万钧之力在其核心部位挤在一起，从而形成一个奇点，这一奇点没有维度，却具有无限的密度和不可抗拒的引力。A voluminous region surrounding the singularity becomes a "black hole," from which -- because of that immense gravity -- nothing, not even light, can escape.奇点周围的广大区域便形成了一个“黑洞”，而由于那巨大的引力，任何东西都无法逃离黑洞，即使光也不能。
Scientists years ago found compelling evidence that black holes exist, but they were uncomfortable with singularities, because all scientific laws break down at these points. 好多年以前，科学家们就发现了表明黑洞存在的有力证据，但对于奇点，他们都感到不安，因为在这些点上，所有的科学原理都失效了。Most physicists believed that in the real universe the object at the heart of a black hole would be small (but not dimensionless) and extremely dense (but not infinitely so). 大多数物理学家认为，在现实的宇宙中，黑洞中心的物体可能是微小的（但并非没有维度），其密度也会是极高的（但并非无限高）。Enter Hawking. 这时霍金上场了。While still a graduate student, he and Mathematician Roger Penrose developed new techniques proving mathematically that if general relativity is correct, singularities must exist. 还在当研究生的时候，他就和数学家罗杰彭罗斯一起设计出一些新的方法，从数学上证明：如果广义相对论是正确的，那么奇点就一定存在。Hawking went on to demonstrate - again if general relativity is correct - that the entire universe must have sprung from a singularity. As he wrote in his 1966 Ph. D. thesis, "There is a singularity in our past."霍金接着还证明：如果广义相对论是正确的，那么整个宇宙一定是从一个奇点中产生出来的。正如他在1966年的博士论文中所写的那样：在我们的过去有个奇点。
Stephen later discerned several new characteristics of black holes and demonstrated that the amazing forces of the Big Bang would have created mini-black holes, each with a mass about that of a terrestrial mountain, but no larger than the subatomic proton. 后来斯蒂芬有发现了黑洞的一些新的特点，并且证明：大爆炸的巨大力量可能造成了一些微小黑洞，每个微小黑洞的质量大约相当于地球上一座大山的质量，而体积不会大于亚原子质子。Then, applying the quantum theory (which accurately describes the random, uncertain subatomic world) instead of general relativity (which, it turns out, falters in that tiny realm), Hawking was startled to find that the mini-black holes must emit particles and radiation. 接着，霍金在应用量子论而不是广义相对论时——因为量子论精确地描述了那个不规则、不确定的亚原子世界，而广义相对论却在这个小小的领域中不起作用——惊奇地发现，那些微小的黑洞一定在放射粒子与辐射线。Even more remarkable, the little holes would gradually evaporate and, 10 billion years or so after their creation, explode with the energy or millions of H-bombs.更值得注意的是，那些微小的黑洞竟会逐渐蒸发，并在它们形成后一百亿年左右发生爆炸，释放出相当于几百万颗氢弹的能量。
Hawking has visited the U. S. 30 times, made seven trips to Moscow, taken a round-the-word journey, and piloted his wheelchair on the Great Wall of China驾着轮椅游览了中国长城. On the road, the activities occasionally deviate somewhat from physics. 在旅途中，他偶尔也参加一些与物理学并无多少关系的活动。One night Stephen accompanied a group to a Chicago discotheque, where he joined in the festivities by wheeling onto the dance floor and spinning his chair in circles.一天晚上，他陪着一群人来到芝加哥的一家夜总会，在那儿他坐着轮椅进入舞池，驾着轮椅团团旋转，与大家一起欢乐。
Recently, Hawking, who has no qualms about recanting his own work if he decides he was wrong, may have transcended his famous proof that singularities exist. 一旦认定自己错了，霍金会毫不犹豫地放弃自己的成果。最近，他也许已经超越了自己关于奇点存在的著名论证。With Physicist James Hartle, he has derived a quantum wave describing a self-contained universe that, like the earth's surface, has no edge or boundary. 他与物理学家詹姆斯哈特尔合作，已经获得了一种描述独立宇宙的量子波，这一宇宙和地球表面一样，也是无边无际的。 If that is the case, says Hawking, Einstein's general theory of relativity would have to be modified, and there would be no singularities. 霍金说：如果情况果真如此，那么爱因斯坦的广义相对论就得修正，奇点也是子虚乌有的了。"The universe would not be created, not be destroyed; it would simply be," he concludes, adding challengingly, "What place, then, for a Creator?" 他推断说：“那样宇宙就不是创造出来的，也就不会被毁灭了；它只是一直存在着。”他又用挑衅的口吻补充了一句：“果真如此，哪里还有什么造物主呢？”
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