山峡大学2011研究生入学考试试卷翻译硕士英语A卷
There are twenty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that correctly completes the sentence. Mark your answer on your answer sheet..
1. She was born into a poor family, but she wished that one day she would have ___
of her own.
A. a palace of a house B. a house of a palace
C. a house of her palace D. a palace of her house
2. ____ danger, he took a knife along with him.
A. Expecting B. Hoping for
C. Anticipating D. Looking forward to
3. Last year, I paid a three-day visit to the company as a visiting engineer, and was treated ___.
A. such B. as such C. like it D. such as
4. The cloth is ____.
A. as blue as green B. bluer than green
C. more blue than green D. so blue as green
5. The sudden drop in temperature has greatly ____ the crops.
A. affected B. effected
C. influenced D. destroyed
6. The news of his father's illness greatly ____ him.
A. annoyed B. bothered
C. irritated D. disturbed
7. At the inauguration ceremony, the newly elected president ____ his speech with a few words of thanks to his supporters.
A. preceded B. proceeded
C. precluded D. advanced
8. The American public demanded that the government adopt a ____ foreign policy
in handling relations with the Middle East.
A. constant B. consistent
C. insistent D. persistent
9. More than one car ____ in the traffic accident leading to the tragic death of Princess Diana.
A. was involved B. were involved
C. has involved D. have been involved
10. He is getting better ____ degrees, but it will be some time before he is completely well.
A. in B. by C. to D. of
11. The rescue was ____ after several abortive attempts because the snowstorm was getting worse.
A. deserted B. abandoned
C. ceased D. rejected
12. Mrs. White is so____ about her food that no cook will work for her.
A. special B. peculiar C. particular D. especial
13. Mr. Johnson advised us to ____ on the issue for some time before we decided what measures to take.
A. reflect B. dwell C. consider D. reflex
14. She drew the small bridge on the painting with only a few ____.
A. lines B. movements
C. strokes D. brushes
15. He would have to live under their ____ for the next ten years.
A. shade B. shadow
C. darkness D. profile
16. I threatened to ____ his plan to the police.
A. reveal B. expose C. disclose D. betray
17. He was ____ by the police with having murdered his wife.
A. arrested B. accused C. sentenced D. charged
18. Your proposal that they ____ their conversation in French is quite reasonable.
A. are to carry on B. will carry on
C. carry on D. must carry on
19. Lung cancer has now ____ breast cancer as a cause of death for women in the U.S.
A. overcome B. prevailed C. overtaken D. conquered
20. Those joint ventures in China enjoy certain ____ that other enterprises do not.
A. advantages B. privileges C. priorities D. rights
PART I SECTION B PROOFREADING & CORRECTION ( 15′ )
The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:
For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.
For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧”sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.
For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash "/" and put
the word in the blank provided at the end of the
line.
Progress in fundamental research is mostly due to "fluctuations",
name, sudden changes due to intellectual breakthroughs. Without (21) ____
such a "catalyzing" element, even the most extensive investments
in term of resources will not be effective. (22) ____
In science, one makes many more progress out of a single (23) ____
innovative idea than the steady effort of hundred of more conventional (24) ____
research scientists which, by the way, is also necessary, although
not sufficient for the fastest progress.
High successful scientists depend on special talents, like in (25) ____
arts, music, and so on. Nature produces them only very slowly,
parsimoniously, and in a constant rate. (26) ____
One has to do more with both natural gifts and formal, extensive
academic training. They develop spontaneously whenever the
scientific training of the community is adequate to provide the basic
training what they need. (27) ____
The second element which I would like to mention is what I
would like to call the "collectivity effect". Progress is more faster (28) ____
when many and different types of scientists interact close together. (29) ____
This is particularly active at the "interface" between disciplines;
for instance, a chemistry idea applied for biology, and so on. (30) ____
PART II READING COMPREHENSION
SECTION A Multiple Choice ( 30′ )
In this section, there are several reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple choice questions, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.
Text A
The United States has a major racial problem on its hands. True, Britain is
facing a similar problem, but for the time being it is in America that it is graver. Theonly way to solve it is through education. Negroes should know about thecontributions that black individuals and groups have made towards building America. This is of vital importance for their self-respect, and it is perhaps even more important for white people to know. For if you believe that a man has no history worth mentioning, it is easy to assume that he has no value as a man.
Many people believe that, since the Negro's achievements do not appear in the history books, he did not have any. Most people are taken aback when they learn that Negroes sailed with Columbus, marched with the Spanish conquerors of South America and fought side by side with white Americans in all their wars. People are astonished when you tell them about Phillis Wheatley, who learned English as a slave in Boston and wrote first-class poetry. They have never heard of Benjamin Banneker, a mathematician and a surveyor, who helped to plan the city of Washington.
There has been a tendency all along to treat the black man as if he were invisible, little has been written about the 5,000 American Negroes who fought in the Revolution against the British, but they were in every important battle. In the Anglo-American war of 1812, at least one out of every six men in the U.S. Navy was a Negro. In the Civil war, more than 200,000 black troops fought in the Union forces. How, then, did the image of the Negro as a valiant fighting man disappear? To justify the hideous institution of slavery, slaveholders had to create the myth of the docile, slow-witted Negro, incapable of self-improvement, and even contented with his lot. Nothing could be further from the truth. The slave fought for his freedom at every chance he got, and there were numerous uprisings. Yet the myth of docility persisted.
There are several other areas where the truth has been twisted or concealed. Most people have heard of the Negro Carver, who invented scores of new uses for the
peanut. But whoever heard of Norbert Rillieux, who in 1846 invented a vacuum pan that revolutionized the sugar-refining industry? Or of Elijah McCoy, who in 1872 invented the drip cup that feeds oil to the moving parts of heavy machinery? How many people know that Negroes are credited with inventing such different items as ice creams, potato chips, the gas mask and the first traffic light? Not many. As for the winning the West, the black cowboy and the black frontiersman have been almost ignored, though film producers are becoming more aware of their importance. Yet in the typical trail crew of eight men that drove cattle from Texas to Kansas, at least two would have been Negroes. The black troops of the Ninth and Tenth Cavalry formed one-fifth of all the mounted troops assigned to protect the frontier after the Civil War. What difference does it make? You may ask. A lot. The cowboy is the American folk-hero. Youngsters identify with him instantly. The average cowboy film is really a kind of morality play, with good guys and bad guys and right finally triumphing over wrong. You should see the amazement and happiness on black youngsters' faces when they learn that their ancestors really had a part in all that.
31. From the passage we know that Negroes ___.
A. have no self-respect
B. have no history
C. need to have an interest in history
D. need to learn what they have done for America
32. People are surprised to learn that ___.
A. Negroes' achievements are not shown in history books
B. Phillis Wheatley learned English
C. Negroes are good at mathematics
D. Negroes have a very long history in America
33. How were the Negroes treated in the history books?
A. They were ignored. B. They were condemned.
C. They were belittled. D. They were praised.
34. According to the passage what is unknown to many people is that ___.
A. the drip cup benefited light industry
B. the truth about carver was twisted or concealed
C. sugar-refining owes a lot to a Negro
D. a Negro invented the frying pan
Text B
Moderate drinking reduces stroke risk, study confirms. Similar to the way a drink or two a day protects against heart attacks, moderate alcohol consumptions wards off strokes, a new study found.
The study also found that the type of alcohol consume—beer, wine or liquor— was unimportant. Any of them, or a combination, was protective, researchers reported in today's Journal of the American Medical Association. "No study has shown benefit in recommending alcohol consumption to those who do not drink", cautioned the authors, led by Dr. Ralph L. Sacco of Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York. But the new data supports the guidelines of the National Stroke Association, which say moderate drinkers, may protect themselves from strokes by continuing to consume alcohol, the authors said.
The protective effect of moderate drinking against heart attack is well established, but the data has been conflicting about alcohol and strokes, the author said. The new study helps settle the question and is the first to find blacks and
Hispanic benefit as well as whites, according to the authors. Further research is needed among other groups, such as Asian, whom past studies suggest may get no stroke protection from alcohol or may even be put at greater risk.
Among groups where the protective effect exists, its mechanism appears to differ from the protective effect against heart attacks, which occurs through boosts in level of so-called "good" cholesterol, the authors said. They speculated alcohol may protect against stroke by acting on some other blood trait, such as the tendency of blood platelets to clump, which is key in forming the blood clots that can cause strokes.
The researchers studied 677 New York residents who live in the northern part of Manhattan and had strokes between July l, 1993, and June 1997. After taking into account differences in other factors that could affect stroke risk, such as high blood pressure, the researchers estimated that subjects who consumed up to two alcoholic drinks daily were only half as likely to have suffered clot-type strokes as non-drinkers. Clot-type strokes account for 80 percent of all strokes, a leading cause of US deaths and disability. Stroke risk increased with heavier drinking. At seven drinks per day, risk was almost triple that of moderate drinkers.
An expert spokesman for the American Heart Association, who was not involved in the study, said it was well-done and important information. But it shouldn't be interpreted to mean, "I can have two drinks and therefore not worry about my high blood pressure or worry about my cholesterol," said Edgar J. Kenton, an associate professor of clinical neurology at Thomas Jefferson University Medical College in Philadelphia. Instead, he said, the study provides good reason to do further research and to add alcohol to the list of modifiable risk factors for stroke.
35. The new study conducted by Dr. Sacco and his colleagues is unique in that ___.
A. it refutes early studies on the protective effects of moderate drinking against heart attack
B. it conforms early studies of moderate drinking against heart attacks
C. it helps to resolve the disputes over the effect of moderate drinking against stroke
D. it finds that moderate drinking can benefit people of different races equally well
36. According to Dr. Sacco, ___.
A. different wines work differently on drinkers at stroke risk
B. non-drinkers should also consume a moderate amount of alcohol
C. drinkers should keep to one kind of alcohol to ward off strokes
D. moderate alcohol consumption protects against strokes
37. Which of the following statements is true about the effect of drinking against strokes?
A. Moderate drinking protects against heart attacks and strokes in different ways.
B. Even heavy drinkers suffer less chance of a stroke than non-drinkers.
C. Alcohol works only on patients who suffer clot-type strokes to protect them.
D. White people are more likely to benefit from moderate drinking than nonwhites.
38. From the fourth paragraph we learn that ___.
A. heart attacks are more likely caused by alcohol than stroke
B. moderate drinking discourages blood platelets from clotting
C. boosting the levels of good cholesterol can lead to heart attacks
D. moderate drinking protects people by making the blood cell clump
39. What is said in the last paragraph by Dr. Kenton indicates that ___.
A. he is in serious doubt about the validity of the study
B. drinking alone can not protect against strokes
C. people should add alcohol to their daily diet
D. the study has not established a relation between drinking and high blood pressure
TEXT C
Function of the Lungs
Blood vessels running all through the lungs carry blood to each air sac, or alveolus (肺泡）, and then back again to the heart. Only the thin wall of the air sac and the thin wall of a capillary (毛细管) are between the air and the blood. So oxygen easily diffuses from the air sacs through the walls into the blood, while carbon dioxide easily diffuses from the blood through the walls into the air sacs.
When blood is sent to the lungs by the heart, it has come back from the cells in the rest of the body. So the blood that goes into the wall of an air sac contains much dissolved carbon dioxide but very little oxygen. At the same time, the air that goes into the air sac contains much oxygen but very little carbon dioxide. You have learned that dissolved materials always diffuse from where there is more of them to where there is less. Oxygen from the air dissolves in the moisture on the lining of the air sac and diffuses through the lining into the blood. Meanwhile, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air sac. The blood then flows from the lungs back to the heart, which sends it out all other parts of the body.
Soon after air goes into an air sac, it gives up some of its oxygen and takes in some carbon dioxide from the blood. To keep diffusion going as it should, this carbon
dioxide must be gotten rid of. Breathing, which is caused by movements of the chest, forces the used air out of the air sacs in your lungs and brings in fresh air. The breathing muscles are controlled automatically so that you breathe at the proper rate to keep your air sacs supplied with fresh air. Ordinarily, you breathe about twenty-two times a minute. Of course, you breathe faster when you are exercising and slower when you are resting. Fresh air is brought into your lungs when you breathe in, or inhale, while used air is forced out of your lungs when you breathe out, or exhale.
Some people think that all the oxygen is taken out of the air in the lungs and that what we breathe out is pure carbon dioxide. But these ideas are not correct. Air is a mixture of gases that is mostly nitrogen. This gas is not used in the body. So the mount of nitrogen does not change as air is breathed in and out. But while air is in the lungs, it is changed in three ways: (1) About one-fifth of the oxygen in the air goes into the blood. (2) An almost equal amount of carbon dioxide comes out of the blood into the air. (3) Moisture from the linings of the air passages and air sacs evaporates until the air is almost saturated.
40. While air is in the lungs, it changes in the following way: ___.
A. Nitrogen is absorbed from the air
B. About one-fifth of the carbon dioxide and about one-half of the oxygen in the
air goesinto the blood
C.The moisture in the air is almost completely evaporated
D.About one-fifth of the oxygen in the air goes into the blood and an equivalent amountof carbon dioxide enters the air from the blood
41. In the respiratory process, the following action takes place: ___.
A. Diffusion of blood through capillary wails into air sacs
B. Exchange of alveoli and oxygen within air sacs
C. Diffusion of oxygen through the air sac and capillary walls into the blood
D. None of the above
42. The number of times per minute that you breathe is ___.
A. fixed at twenty-two times per minute
B. influenced by your age and sex
C. dependent upon the amount of fresh air available to you at any given time
D. controlled automatically by an unspecified body mechanism
Text D
We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect theimmune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologistMark Laudenslager, at the University, of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half theanimals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other halfcould not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel itprotected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immuneresponse was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not theexperience itself, is what weakens the immune system.
Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine,has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don't develop sleepdisturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals areconfronted with situations they have no control over, they later
behave passively when faced withexperiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists' suspicions that the experienceor perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.
One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response wasdiscovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School ofMedicine conditioned mice to avoid saccharin by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener andinjecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets.Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener.In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader re-exposed the animals to saccharin, thistime without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highestamounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had sosuccessfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systemsenough to kill them.
43. Laudenslager's experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity ___.
A. was strengthened B. was not affected
C. was altered D. was weakened
44. The reason why the mice in Ader's experiments avoided saccharin was that ___.
A. they disliked its taste
B. it affected their immune systems
C. it led to the passive reaction in controllable situations
D. they rendered the pain inside body.
45. The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader'sexperiment was that ___.
A. they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharin
B. the sweetener was poisonous to them
C. their immune systems had been altered by the mind
D. they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning
SECTION B Questions and Answers ( 15′ )
In this section, there is a reading passage followed by five questions. Read the passage, answer the questions and then write your answers on your answer sheet.
TEXT E
In general terms, the greenhouse effect, which has been studied with wary and keen interest for as long as a century, has to do with a gradual warming of the earth's atmosphere. The warming is caused by an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the air around us; the CO2 holds heat from the sun instead of letting it be radiated back into space. The more of it in the atmosphere, the more difficult it is for the heat to escape.
CO2 in huge amounts is constantly being released into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels for energy, especially coal. In the last 25 years the concentration of CO2 has risen from about 315 parts per million to 340. Not much, you might say if you are used to dealing with such delicate chemical relationships as the right blend of vermouth and gin. But this is a significant rise, and some conservative experts believe that by the third quarter of the next century, say, 2065, the concentration will have doubled. Others say the doubling will come sooner, in less than 50 years; all agree the CO2 content will keep going up.
The climatic effects of that kind of change are potentially tremendous. Temperatures would rise everywhere. According to the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) projections, the global average temperature could go up about 3.6~ Fahrenheit by 2040, and as much as 9~F by the year 2100, giving the New York of that sultry time a climate, in the words of an EPA spokesman; "like Daytona Beach, Florida. " Farming conditions in some chilly places that now have a very short growing season would be better, and some desert regions would get plentiful rainfall. But many areas now fruitful would be hurt. Our own Mid-west would probably suffer more frequent and punishing drought, and land now dependent on irrigation would lose its sources of water. The temperature increases would cause large-scale melting of ice near the poles and a rise in the sea level of about two feet in the 100 years-just for openers-with the tides of the future quite possibly necessitating "a gradual retreat to higher ground. " Noah, can you spare a line?
Questions:
46. What is greenhouse effect? And what do human beings contribute to it?
47. In the near future, what do you think of the concentration of CO2 in China? Why?
48. What is the author’s attitude towards the greenhouse effect? And what is the author’s writing purpose?
49. What have you learned from the text?
50. Analyze the figure of speech in the last sentence of the text and explain the meaning of this sentence in your own words.
As a country with a civilization dating back through thousands of years, China has been regarded as a state of etiquette. But it is reported that tourists from China’s mainland were seen smoking in non-smoking zones, putting their shoes up and dirtying visitors’ chairs, littering indiscriminately when Hong Kong Disneyland opened on October 12, 2005. In addition, the behaviour of some Chinese is often targets of criticism from both home and abroad.
Write a composition in about 400 words on the following topic:
What has happened to Chinese etiquette?
In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.
You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
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